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In the months before the Red River Campaign, a Union prisoner-of-war described the dilapidated condition of the soldiers in General Edmund Kirby Smith’s command. “If you could gather all the rag pickers and beggars that are in New England,” he wrote, “they could scarcely compare with the Texas soldiers.” Another Federal prisoner remarked that his Confederate captors were “the most ragged, dirty-looking set of rascals I ever seen.” By the beginning of 1864, however, the quartermasters of the Trans-Mississippi Department rapidly re-outfitted the motely attired forces transforming them into the best supplied troops in the Confederacy. Through the diligent work of Confederate agents and quartermasters, the armies that took to the battlefields in the spring of 1864 were vastly better equipped than their eastern counterparts, not to mention the Federal soldiers who opposed them. For even in the midst of open rebellion, the self-proclaimed government of the Trans-Mississippi managed to wrestle economic and manufacturing obstacles to field an effective force.
The Trans-Mississippi theater was home to a diverse set of soldiers. The Confederate government assigned these troops this large swath of the Confederacy to defend. The Trans-Mississippi comprised the states of Arkansas, Louisiana, Missouri, Texas, and Indian Territory. The fact that the troops in the area saw little action did not diminish the importance of the theater. In 1862, several Federal incursions wrested much of northern Arkansas and southern Louisiana from the Confederacy. By the end of the next year, Federals occupied considerable amounts of lower-to-mid Louisiana and had established a presence in Little Rock. By the beginning of 1864, the Rebels controlled little territory in either Arkansas or Louisiana.
For Confederate General Edmund Kirby Smith, conditions looked bleak. With the threat of General Nathaniel Banks marching up the Red River with a significant Union force, and General Frederick Steele’s command approaching Shreveport from the direction of Little Rock, there seemed little hope of holding ground. These invading armies outnumbered Kirby Smith’s meager army–a mere 34,845 men– by two to one.
With two separate Federal armies marching on Shreveport, Kirby Smith possessed few options. They forced Kirby Smith to utilize all of his surrounding forces under General Sterling “Pap” Price and General Richard Taylor. While Banks led a cumbersome advance up the Red River in conjunction with a small naval fleet, Steele cautiously maneuvered out of Little Rock. At point north of Alexandria, Louisiana, Banks diverted his force away from the Red River. Nearby he encountered Taylor’s 7,000-man force at Mansfield, which sharply drove him back. The following day, the two armies clashed once more at the Battle of Pleasant Hill. Following these encounters, Banks retreated to Grand Ecore. Meanwhile, Price’s army intercepted Steele’s force advancing on Camden, Arkansas, and drove it back to the safety of Little Rock. The Confederate forces under Kirby Smith would likely not have been able to drive back the Federal invasion had it not been for one key morale booster: the quality issuances of goods from the departments’ quartermasters.
The Rebel forces that abandoned their defenses in lower Louisiana and Shreveport in April 1864 contradicted the lore of the “ragged rebel.” Confederate quartermasters resupplied the men serving under Kirby Smith from Shreveport, Houston, and Texas based stores. The quartermasters’ ability to issue the men of the Trans-Mississippi did not develop overnight. It was the culmination of three years of work.
The Trans-Mississippi depot system took hold in 1861 by being almost entirely reliant on the commutation system, which required that individual states supply clothing for its own new recruits. In 1862, Major General Earl Van Dorn shelved this method of obtaining supplies and replaced it with state depots furnished with goods produced on government looms. At Baton Rouge, Little Rock, and Jackson, Confederate quartermasters cranked out garments for the troops. Both Little Rock and Baton Rouge were state arsenals that fell to Federal forces before the Red River Campaign commenced. During the early months of 1862, depot quartermasters predominately utilized the “Old Army” stores from former Federal instillations such as the San Antonio depot. The men received surplus Federal garments stored away since the antebellum period. Another clothing source was the Huntsville Penitentiary. Inmates produced un-dyed cloth, either kersey or cotton-jean, and sent bundles to respective depots to be made into garments.
In the fall of 1862, the condition of the troops in the Trans-Mississippi reflected a system that had begun to take shape. The Little Rock depot furnished frock coats to Arkansas troops, while those at Baton Rouge and Shreveport produced garments made of penitentiary cloth. In Texas, the quartermaster dispensed the last few stores of “Old Army” uniforms to regiments such as the 3rd Texas Infantry in the Western and Eastern Sub-District. Although established later in the war, the depots of Shreveport and Houston lasted the longest. Beginning in December 1862, Captain Edward C. Wharton, Chief Quartermaster of the District of Texas, ordered the production of uniforms for Texas troops at the Houston facility. In June 1863, the Shreveport depot, under Major W.H. Haynes, taking command of the Clothing Bureau of the Trans-Mississippi Department, produced uniforms for the Louisiana and Arkansas troops.
By the winter of 1862-1863, the condition of the troops deteriorated. Their clothing all but worn out, the Rebels assumed the appearance of scarecrows. Corporal Joseph P. Blessington, of the 16th Texas Infantry, wrote “no two were costumed with any attempt at uniformity.” He described a fellow soldier dressed in “homespun pants, with the knees out of them; on his head might be stuck the remnant of a straw hat, while a faded Texas penitentiary cloth jacket” completed his attire. This was the only time during the war that the mass of Rebel troops in the region came close to the “ragged rebel” stereotype.
Ironically, a series of Federal victories compelled Southern quartermasters to craft a solution to the supply crisis. In August 1862, Federal troops managed to occupy the city of Baton Rouge forcing the Confederate depot in the city to relocate its works to Shreveport, Tyler, and Jefferson, Texas. A similar situation arose in September of 1863, when Federal forces took Little Rock. Before the city fell, Confederate commanders had evacuated equipment employed in the production of uniforms, first to Washington, Arkansas, and then to Texas. This allowed Confederate quartermasters and commanders tighter control over production and distribution of goods. In mid-1863, another development was the reception of the first substantial shipments of English goods through the blockade into Texas. Using these stores, Houston women began turning out “cadet gray” cloth uniforms at a rapid rate; in November of 1863, they completed 1,927 jackets and 2,193 pairs of trousers alone.
British cloth and other imports reached the Confederates through the blockade allowing the production of high quality uniforms, shoes, weapons, and hats. The first shipment arrived on Texas shores in autumn of 1862, and included 12,000 yards of British Cadet Grey Kersey cloth. By the fall of 1863, Wharton began receiving from Great Britain complete uniforms consisting of jackets and trousers. These early shipments of uniforms, resulting from a contract with Peter Tait’s Limerick, Ireland cloth mill, began arriving in Houston in November 1863. That same month, Acting Volunteer Lieutenant C. H. Brown, commanding the USS Virginia, noted the contents of a captured British blockade runner off the coast of Texas, as carrying “boots and shoes, army blankets, case of stockings, bales of confederate uniforms, and woolen cloth, etc.” On November 5 of the same year, the USS Virginia captured the blockade runner Science, carrying on board bales of woolen cloth, which were described by the captain of the Rebel vessel as being “neither blue nor grey, but a shade between these two colors,” which Lieutenant Brown “knew to be the Confederate uniform color.” These British-made goods would continue entering the Trans-Mississippi Department through the rest of the war.
Senior Rebel officers made the shipping of cloth and uniforms to Texas through the blockade possible by arranging to sell Texas and Louisiana cotton to British agencies. In January, 1864, Major Haynes traveled to Houston to speak with Captain Wharton on the production of Houston goods and the cotton trade. Haynes wrote that army supplies were arriving at Matamoros, and “with pledges from the cotton office of payment being made in cotton” would quickly bring these goods into the hands of Confederate quartermasters. These exchanges also accounted for the weapons that were most common in the Trans-Mississippi Department. In February, 1864, Magruder received word that a schooner had “sailed from Havana for the mouth of the Brazos with 600 Belgian rifles… and 2,000 Enfield rifles.” In turn, Magruder had a shipment of cotton sent from Mobile to Havana as payment. The Enfield rifle would become the most common firearm issued to rebel troops in the Department.
By the time of the Red River Campaign, the troops under Kirby Smith had experienced a revival in the depots of the department. These garments produced in the Trans-Mississippi also managed to adhere to the Confederate regulations as close as could possibly be done. The regulations of 1861 called for a double-breasted tunic, trimmed with correct branch of service trim on the collar and cuffs; blue for infantry, red for artillery, and yellow for cavalry. The trousers were to be made of the same material as the tunic, with correct branch of service stripe down the side seam of the pant leg. Troops in the field sported the regulation cap based on the French “kepi,” which was outfitted with the correct branch of service trim. By 1862, the regulations had shifted to a shell jacket, or “roundabout” with corresponding facings. In the Trans-Mississippi, the garments that Haynes and Wharton produced at Shreveport and Houston, respectively, met this standard. During the 1864 campaigns, these uniforms were the standard garments that the Confederate quartermasters issued to the troops.
Modern reconstruction of a Texan during the Red River Campaign, mid-issue uniform. Author’s collection.
The Texans fared best of all the troops of the Trans-Mississippi by the time of the Banks’ grand campaign. During the months of 1863, however, the Texas troops stationed in Arkansas and Louisiana were some of the roughest-looking soldiers in the Department. Corporal Joseph P. Blessington of the 16th Texas Infantry, described the condition of his comrades on May 31st, 1863: “as to costume, it is utterly impossible to paint the variety our division presented.” Three days earlier, while witnessing Tom Green’s Texas Cavalry riding past his regiment, Blessington noted that “their uniform contained as many colors as the rainbow.” This would sharply contrast the condition of the troops during the following spring campaign.
By November of 1863, Captain Wharton produced more than enough uniforms to clothe the Texas troops. Although directed to produce clothing only for the District of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, some of the goods Wharton manufactured at Houston found their way to Louisiana and other state troops. The Houston Depot sent surplus cloth to the depot at Shreveport. Major Haynes used this material in the production of jackets and trousers.
At Houston, Wharton designed a uniform consisting of a long shell jacket and trousers, made of imported cadet grey cloth. He described the jacket as being “single breasted with seven buttons made of 1 3/4 yards of double width coarse, cadet gray cloth, basted with spool cotton and sewn with flax thread.” Wharton continues in his description that the jacket would have “bleached domestic sleeve lining taking ¾ yard and unbleached domestic for the body and lining and pockets… [being] heavy weave cotton material from the penitentiary mill.” The women workers at Wharton’s mill produced these jackets. The majority of these coats had the correct branch of service facings on the cuff and collar, and sported Houston-made pewter buttons or imported buttons of British manufacture. The trousers were produced of “1 ¼ yards of double width coarse, cadet gray cloth,” and sported a one-inch branch of service stripe down the length of the outer leg seam. When it was available, Wharton utilized the cloth from the Huntsville Penitentiary to produce trousers as well, minus the branch of service stripe. The caps were to be made of scraps of cloth left over from jacket and trouser production, and had a proper branch of service trim applied around the base of the cap.
Houston Depot jacket sketch. Author’s collection, illustration courtesy of Joe Walker.
Surprisingly, Wharton had enough cloth on hand to produce summer and winter uniforms. The winter uniform consisted of the cadet gray cloth alone, while the summer uniform used Huntsville Penitentiary cloth, usually cheap cotton-jean or kersey, undyed and unbleached. Seamstresses cut the cloth to the same pattern as the winter uniform, however, utilized more cloth because of the fabric used. Wharton, however, issued the majority of these unbleached kersey uniforms to the Negro Labor Bureau.
The Houston Depot produced a tremendous number of uniforms prior to the Red River Campaign. Wharton cited the production figures from January 1863 – February 1864 as 13,691 kepis and hats, 20,925 jackets, 40,293 pairs of trousers, 39,407 shirts, 34,507 pairs of drawers, 3,426 pairs of socks, 43,657 pairs of shoes, and 377 great coats. Rudolf Coreth, a member of Captain Edward “Ned” S. Rugeley’s company, the 32nd/36th Texas Cavalry mentioned in a letter to his family dated November 22, 1863, of receiving “our winter clothes; pants, jackets, hats and blankets.” He goes on to describe the “trousers and jackets are [of] gray woolen cloth,” and that “each man [was] to get two suits and another requisition made.” Coreth’s letter provides the evidence that Wharton was able not only to issue well-made regulation clothing, but several sets of clothing for the soldiers as well. This issuance of cadet gray uniforms was vastly different from the clothing sported by Blessington’s men during the summer of 1863, and proves that Wharton had managed to turn the Houston Depot into a fully functioning manufacturing center.
Lloyd Walther Surghnor, Company A, 16th Texas Infantry wears the M1861 regulation cap, though late in the war. Despite 1862 regulations prescribing dark blue bands and branch-of-service color sides and crown, Confederate depots, including the Houston Depot, continued to produce the simpler M1861 cap throughout the war. The M1861 cap had a branch-of-service color band with cadet gray sides and crown. Image courtesy of the Museum of the Confederacy, Richmond, Virginia.
The Houston Depot, however, could not produce everything that the army required. On December 16, 1863, a letter appeared in the Houston Tri-Weekly Telegraph addressed to the ladies of Texas. Penned by the District Commander of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, Major General John Bankhead Magruder requested them to produce “twenty thousand haversacks” for the army, because they “cannot be made by the Quartermaster Department, for want of material.” The women could produce the haversack or satchels from any durable cloth available, as long as they adhered to Magruder’s specifications. Soldiers also wrote home asking their loved ones to furnish them with socks and shirts. In a January 20, 1864 publication of the Houston Tri-Weekly Telegraph, Major J. H. Beck exhorted the women of Texas to “gather as many socks together as can be purchased.”
Another surprising item in short supply in the ranks of Trans-Mississippi soldiers was the cartridge box belt. For a location teeming with cattle, tanned leather products were scarce in the Trans-Mississippi region, and quartermasters adapted to the insufficiency of cartridge belts. The 11th Texas Infantry reported that they were short 165 cartridge boxes, 179 cap pouches, 380 shoulder belts, and 258 waist belts. The soldiers suspended their cartridge boxes from their waist belts and troops outfitted from the Tyler Depot received their rifles without a bayonet scabbard. Henry Davis Pearce, a member of Co. D, 16th Texas Cavalry (dismounted) detailed in his memoirs from the Battle of Pleasant Hill that he stabbed his finger on the “sharp bayonet” of his Enfield rifle while reloading.
The other key shortage for Wharton was the lack of hats to the troops. Caps, or kepis, were the norm in the Trans-Mississippi, produced at both the Houston and Shreveport Depots. Wharton, nonetheless, established his own hat shop in Houston to produce slouch hats for the army. Up until May 16, 1863, he had utilized what few imported black slouch hats that had slipped through the blockade. On that date, he stated that wool hats should take the place of caps as the official uniform headwear. In late 1863, he established his own hat factory, and produced “a plain but serviceable wool hat”, which the troops greatly desired.
Pvt. J. F. Robinson, Company A, 33rd Texas Cavalry, wears what may have been an imported British hat supplied from the Houston Depot. Large quantities of these imported hats were issued to the troops in the Western Sub-District of Texas where Robinson served. Image courtesy of Southern Methodist University, Lawrence T. Jones III collection.
As for uniforms, the troops from Louisiana fared almost as well as the men from Texas. Under the jurisdiction of Major W.H. Haynes at Shreveport, state soldiers received clothing produced predominately of Huntsville Penitentiary and Baton Rouge Penitentiary cloth. Ironically, the state of Louisiana utilized nearly all of the woolens manufactured at the Huntsville Penitentiary, leaving the Houston Depot almost entirely reliant on imported cloth. The cloth that the prisoners produced at the respective penitentiaries was white and typically a cotton jean. Major Haynes signed a contract with James P. Spring, of Huntsville, who purchased the fabric from the penitentiary and then tailored garments and kits, pre-cut uniforms, sold to the depot at Shreveport. Between April 25 and September 30, 1863, Spring sold 1,573 white kersey jackets, 1,245 white kersey trousers, 1,962 cotton jeans jackets, and 5,335 cotton jeans trousers. Haynes did, however, receive bolts of cloth or kits of cadet gray cloth from Houston, and managed to produce a Shreveport style “Houston” jacket. The major also contracted for a cotton and wool factory that Confederate officials established in Tyler, Texas. It would supply the Shreveport Depot with goods of clothing as well.
The one extant Trans-Mississippi jacket produced of imported English material belonged to John C. Bach, of the 31st Louisiana Infantry. His jacket consisted of cadet gray cloth, with a five button front and red tape on the collar. Around February, 1864, the tailors at the Shreveport Depot manufactured this jacket. At the same location that Bach received his jacket, Sergeant William Tunnard of the 3rd Louisiana Infantry, noted that his regiment received a “complete outfit of clothing, consisting of hats, shirts, drawers, shoes, socks, blankets, and a fine suit of Confederate gray cloth.” Both the 3rd and 31st Louisiana were present at the fall of Vicksburg and had been exchanged and reorganized upon reentering the state, requiring a new issue of uniforms. Haynes was also able to outfit the troops of his jurisdiction with correct branch of service attires. Charles W. Squires, a member of the 3rd Louisiana Field Artillery, also recounted in his memoirs receiving a similar uniform. In March, 1865, the battery served at Shreveport and the unit received “a new suit for each man.” He mentioned that his command, “in their new uniforms trimmed with red made a fine appearance” upon entering the city of Galveston, Texas. Haynes managed to adequately supply the forces in the state of Louisiana; however, the condition of the troops in Arkansas rapidly declined.
For the men of Arkansas and Missouri, there was little in the way of uniformity by the spring of 1864. Following the loss of Little Rock and its depot stores, conditions forced the troops that remained in the state to procure whatever clothing they could. While the Little Rock Depot transferred its operation to Washington, Arkansas, and Tyler, Texas, necessity compelled the troops under General Sterling “Pap” Price to utilize a mixture of civilian clothing, dilapidated uniforms, and captured Federal goods. General Sam Bell Maxey reported in December, 1863, that he had received “a pair of pants long enough... [but] were not large enough around the waist for a ten year old boy.” Confederate George Washing Grayson, a Creek soldier serving in Arkansas recorded that “our soldiers were poorly clad… So when we caught a prisoner we generally stripped him clean of his wearing apparel as we desired.” In October, 1864, Union General William S. Rosecrans addressed a letter of complaint to Price, regarding the usage of Federal clothing during the campaigns of 1864 in Arkansas. Yankees who captured Rebel troops dressed in Federal garments viewed them as spies and hanged them on the spot.
Modern reconstruction of a Missouri Confederate demonstrating the application of civilian attire and uniform issue. Author’s collection.
The lone division that served in both Kirby Smiths’ adventure on the Red River, and the Camden Expedition was that of Confederate General Thomas J. Churchill, who led two brigades of Arkansas and two brigades of Missouri troops during the campaign. Originally stationed with Price, in March 1864, Churchill received orders from Kirby Smith to march his division to Shreveport, and from there link up with General Richard Taylor. On the 21st of March, they arrived at Shreveport. Against the pleas of Taylor, Kirby Smith retained the division in Shreveport for nearly a week to resupply and outfit the dilapidated command. It would not be until April 4th that the newly clad troops would leave the safety of Shreveport to engage the Federals at the Battle of Pleasant Hill. During the fight, the Arkansans under Colonel Lucien Gause reported to General Taylor that Walker’s Texans, mistaking them to be Federals, had fired upon his command. This supported the notion that the Shreveport Depot had resupplied Churchill’s men with cadet gray clothing, similar in shade to the Federal uniform, before marching to Mansfield to join Taylor’s force. With the exception of this force, the rest of the Arkansans and Missourians utilized the garments they could obtain.
In exploiting imported cloth and goods to the department, district quartermasters such as Captain Wharton and Major W. H. Haynes managed to revive their respective depots into functioning Confederate government stores. The commanders managed to re-equip and supply the scanty force of roughly 30,000 troops into a regularly clothed field army. In addition, they would boost the morale of the men, and establish a well-oiled machine in the Trans-Mississippi.
Although these Confederate depots in the Trans-Mississippi began the war in a meager state, they would quickly establish themselves as powerful stores of government goods. The rebel quartermasters utilized old stores of Federal army goods, clothing produced by women’s sewing circles, and what clothing could be procured from limited resources during the early years of the war. However, by the end of 1863, the quartermasters at Houston and Shreveport had managed to capitalize on the importation of cloth and began issuing uniforms and military goods in abundance to troops stationed in the Texas and Louisiana districts. In doing so, they created the best uniformed troops throughout the entire Confederacy, and shattered the myth of the “ragged Rebel” in the Trans-Mississippi Department.
1) Cotham, Jr., Edward T., Battle on the Bay: The Civil War Struggle for Galveston (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1998), 136.
2) David C. Edmonds, Yankee Autumn in Acadiana; A Narrative of the Great Texas Overland Expedition through Southwestern Louisiana, October-December 1863 (Lafayette, Louisiana: The Acadiana Press, 1979), 151.
3) William Royston Geise, “The Confederate Military Forces in the Trans-Mississippi West, 1861-1865: A Study in Command” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 1974), 206.
4) Tom Arliskas, Cadet Gray & Butternut Brown: Notes on the Confederate Uniforms: Notes on Confederate Uniforms (Gettysburg, Pa: Thomas Publications, 2006), 8.
5) K.C. MacDonald, “Trans-Mississippi Confederate Uniforms (Part III – November 1862 – June 1865)” lazyjacks.org.uk, August 2, 2006, http://www.lazyjacks.org.uk/transmis1.htm (accessed August 17, 2014).
6) Frederick Adolphus, “The Uniforms, Equipage, Arms, and Accoutrements of the 3d Texas Volunteer Infantry”, in David M. Sullivan, ed. Military Collector & Historian, (Rutland, MA: Company of Military Historians, 2010), 4.
7) Brett J. Derbes, “Prison Productions: Textiles and Other Military Supplies from State Penitentiaries in the Trans-Mississippi Theater during the American Civil War” (M.A. thesis, University of North Texas, 2011), 61.
8) Frederick Adolphus, “The Uniforms, Equipage, Arms, and Accoutrements of the 3rd Texas Volunteer Infantry”, 4-5.
9) MacDonald, “Trans-Mississippi Confederate Uniforms.”
10) MacDonald, “Trans-Mississippi Confederate Uniforms.”
11) Derbes, “Prison Productions”, 41.
12) Joseph P. Blessington, The Campaigns of Walker’s Texas Division: Containing a Complete Record of the Campaigns in Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas; the Skirmish as Perkins’ Landing and the Battles of Milliken’s Bend, Bayou Bourbeaux, Mansfield, Pleasant Hill, Jenkins’ Ferry, &c., &c., Including the Federal’s Report of the Battles, Names of the Officers of the Division, Diary of the Marches, Camp Scenery, Anecdotes, Description of the Country Through Which the Division Marched, &c., &c. (New York: Lange, Little & Co., 1875), 115.
13) Ibid.
14) Captain Edward C. Wharton’s records of 1862-1864, as Chief Quartermaster, District of Texas; National Archives, Expenditure Report Num. 42 of November 1863 (hereafter cited as Wharton).
15) Frederick Adolphus, “Confederate Clothing of the Houston Quartermaster Depot”, in Frederick C. Gaede, ed. Military Collector & Historian, (Westbrook, CT: Company of Military Historians, 1996), 172.
16) Adolphus, “Confederate Clothing of the Houston Quartermaster Depot”, 175.
17) Lieutenant C. H. Brown to Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles, November 6, 1863, U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion, A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies 31 vols. (Washington D.C., 1880 to 1901), Series 1, 20: 660 (hereafter cited as ORN; unless otherwise indicated all references are to Series 1).
18) Lieutenant C. H. Brown to Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles, ORN, 20: 661.
19) Report of Major W. H. Haynes, January 18, 1864, U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion, A Compilations of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies 128 vols. (Washington D.C., 1880 to 1901), Series 1, 22, Part 2: 1134-1135 (hereafter cited as OR; unless otherwise indicated all references are to Series 1).
20) Giese, “The Confederate Military Forces in the Trans-Mississippi West, 1861-1865”, 188.
21) Samuel Cooper, E. Crehen, Blanton Duncan, Uniform and Dress of the Army of the Confederate States (Richmond: Chas. H. Wynne, 1861), 3-5.
22) Blessington, The Campaigns of Walker’s Texas Division, 115.
23) Ibid., 113.
24) Report of Adjutant General S. S. Anderson, OR, 22, Part 2: 1071.
25) Wharton, p. 113, Expenditure Report of 16 October 1863.
26) Wharton, 89-J.41, pp. 50-51, 95-J.41, 113-J.41, 142-J.41 and Expenditure Report, November 1863. See also Leslie D. Jensen “A Survey of Confederate Central Government Quartermaster Issue Jackets, Parts I & II,” MC&H, 41, nos. 3, 4, (Fall, Winter 1989): 117, 120 (hereafter cited as Jensen, “Confederate Issue Jackets”); several Richmond Depot jackets are pictured therein.
27) Adolphus, “Confederate Clothing of the Houston Quartermaster Depot”, 172.
28) Ibid., 173-174.
29) Ibid., 174.
30) Wharton, 89-J.41, p. 51; 95-J.41, 113-J.41, 141-J.41, Expenditure Report, November 1863 and M331, roll 264 and M935, roll 8; report of 16 October 1863, document C.
31) Adolphus, “Confederate Clothing of the Houston Quartermaster Depot”, 175.
32) Wharton, 137-J.41; M331, roll 264; M935, roll 8; Report of 29 February 1864, pp. 17, 18, 26, 29 and 30. Included also were issues to detailed men, the gunboat service and officer sales.
33) Goyne, Minetta A., Lone Star and Double Eagle: Civil War Letters of a German-Texas Family (Fort Worth, TX: Texas Christian University Press, 1982), 111.
34) Cushing, E. H., editor. The Tri-Weekly Telegraph (Houston, Tex.), Vol. 29, No. 116, Ed. 1 Wednesday, December 16, 1863, Newspaper, December 16, 1863; digital images, (http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth236614/ : accessed October 06, 2014), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, http://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, Austin, Texas.
35) Cushing, E. H., editor. The Tri-Weekly Telegraph (Houston, Tex.), Vol. 29, No. 131, Ed. 1 Wednesday, January 20, 1864, Newspaper, January 20, 1864; (http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth236636/ : accessed November 24, 2014), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, http://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, Austin, Texas.
36) MacDonald, “Trans-Mississippi Confederate Uniforms.”
37) Johannson, M. J., Peculiar Honor: A History of the 28th Texas Cavalry 1862-1865 (Fayetteville: Arkansas University Press, 1998), 70.
38) Pearce, Henry Davis, “Memoirs of Henry David Pearce: Sabine Rebels, Louisiana,” from Memoirs on 9 April 1864.
39) Adolphus, “Confederate Clothing of the Houston Quartermaster Depot”, 175.
40) Wharton, 89-J.41, p. 35; Invoices and reports of James P. Spring, Huntsville, Texas, April to September 1863, Confederate Papers Relating to Citizens or Business Firms, M346, Roll 972, War Department Collection of Confederate Records, Record Group 109, National Archives, Washington DC, (hereafter, Spring); Reports of Captain N.A. Birge, Shreveport transfers, July & August 1863, Box 2C487, Folders 2 & 12, General Papers of the Confederacy, University of Texas, Austin, Texas. (hereafter, Birge).
41) Wharton, 137-J.41; M331, roll 264; M935, roll 8; Report of 29 February 1864, pp. 17, 18, 26, 29, and 30. Included also were issues to detailed men, the gunboat service and officer sales.
42) Report of Major W. H. Haynes, OR, 22, Part 2: 1134-1145.
43) Frederick Adolphus, “John Bach Trans-Mississippi Depot Jacket” adolphusconfederateuniforms.com, January 6, 2011, http://adolphusconfederateuniforms.c...ot-jacket.html (accessed April 5, 2014).
44) William Tunnard, The History of the Third Regiment Louisiana Infantry: Containing a Complete Record of the Campaigns in Arkansas and Missouri; the Battles of Oak Hills, Elk Horn, Iuka, Corinth; the Second Siege of Vicksburg, Anecdotes, Camps, Scenery, and Description of the Country Through Which the Regiment Marched, Etc., Etc. (Baton Rouge: n.a., 1866), 332.
45) Squires, Charles. "My Artillery Fire Was Very Destructive: The Charles W. Squires Memoir Conclusion." Civil War Times Illustrated, January 1, 1975, 26, 27.
46) John C. Waugh, Sam Bell Maxey and the Confederate Indians (Fort Worth: Ryan Place Publishers, 1995), 17.
47) Baird, W.D., A Creek Warrior for the Confederacy: the Autobiography of Chief G. W. Grayson (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991), 99.
48) Letter of Major General W. S. Rosecrans to Major General Sterling Price, OR, Series 3, 53: 1011.
Richard Taylor, Destruction and Reconstruction; Personal Experiences of the Late War [1st ed.] (New York: Longmans, Green 1955), 191-192.
49) Ibid., 203.
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